Sexual Violence in History: A Bibliography

compiled by Stefan Blaschke

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Start: Topical Index: Types: Sexual Assault: Wartime Sexual Violence:

Types: Sexual Assault:
WARTIME SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN THE 21ST CENTURY

[Site] G e n e r a l

[Info] Adams, Alexandra. Der Tatbestand der Vergewaltigung im Völkerstrafrecht. Berlin 2013.

[Info] Agirre Aranburu, Xabier. »Sexual Violence beyond Resonable Doubt: Using Pattern Evidence and Analysis for International Cases.« Law & Social Inquiry 35 (2010): 855-879.

[Info] Agirre Aranburu, Xabier. »Sexual Violence beyond Resonable Doubt: Using Pattern Evidence and Analysis for International Cases.« Leiden Journal of International Law 23 (2010): 609-627.

[Info] Agirre-Aranburu, Xabier. »La violencia sexual más allá de toda duda razonable: El uso de prueba y análisis de patrones en casos internacionales.« Revista Estudios Socio-Jurídicos 13 (2011): 11-42.

[Info] Altunjan, Tanja. Reproductive Violence and International Criminal Law. The Hague 2021.

[Info] Amorin, Britta, et al., eds. Zeit zu sprechen: Sexualisierte Gewalt in Kriegen und Konflikten. Cologne 2009.

[Info] Apperley, Harry. »Hidden victims: a call to action on sexual violence against men in conflict.« Medicine, Conflict and Survival 31 (2015): 92-99.

[Info] Ba, I., et al. »Physical, mental and social consequences in civilians who have experienced war-related sexual violence: A systematic review (1981–2014).« Public Health 142 (2017): 121-135.

[Info] Bächler, Maja. »Sexuelle Gewalt im Kriegsfilm.« Sexuelle Gewalt im Film. Edited by Jochem Kotthaus. Weinheim 2015: 106-126.

[Info] Borgedahl, Oscar M., et al. Våldtäkt i Hollywoods krigsfilmer: Har representationen av orsaken till våldtäkt i krig ändrats i Hollywoods krigsfilmer mellan perioden före 1980-talet och den efter 1980-talet? Självständigt arbete på grundnivå, Högskolan Väst, 2017.

[Info] Borgedahl, Oscar M., et al. »Rape in Hollywood Combat Movies: Representations of the Causes of Wartime Rape.« Rape Cultures and Survivors: An International Perspective. Vol. 1. Edited by Tuba Inal et al. Santa Barbara 2018: 101-138.

[Info] Bos, Pascale. »A Monument to Rape: Sexual Violence in National Memorial Cultures.« Cultures of Sexual Violence in Armed Conflicts. London 2014.

[Info] Boyd, Rosalind, ed. The Search for Lasting Peace: Critical Perspectives on Gender-Responsive Human Security. Farnham 2014.

[Info] Boyd, Rosalind, ed. The Search for Lasting Peace: Critical Perspectives on Gender-Responsive Human Security. London 2016.

[Info] Braig, Katharina. »Compensation for Victims of Sexual Violence During Armed Conflicts.« Joint Annual Meeting of the Law and Society Association and the Research Committee on Sociology of Law. Berlin 2007.

[Info] Branche, Raphaëlle, et al., eds. Viols en temps de guerre. Paris 2011.

[Info] Branche, Raphaëlle, et al., eds. Rape in Wartime. Basingstoke 2012.

[Info] Buchowska, Natalia. »Violated or protected: Women's rights in armed conflicts after Second World War.« International Comparative Jurisprudence (December 28, 2016).

[Info] Carlsson, Matilda. Conflict-Related Sexual Violence: A Cross-National Comparison of Circumstances Related to State Forces' Use of Sexual Violence in Armed Conflicts. Master Thesis, Swedish Defence University, 2016.

[Info] Carpenter, R. Charli, ed. Born of War: Protecting Children of Sexual Violence Survivors in Conflict Zones. Bloomfield 2007.

[Info] Carpenter, R. Charli. »Conclusion: Protecting Children Born of War.« Born of War: Protecting Children of Sexual Violence Survivors in Conflict Zones. Bloomfield 2007: 210-224.

[Info] Carpenter, R. Charli. »Gender, Ethnicity, and Children's Human Rights: Theorizing Babies Born of Wartime Rape and Sexual ExploitationBorn of War: Protecting Children of Sexual Violence Survivors in Conflict Zones. Bloomfield 2007: 1-20.

[Info] Chanda, Piasha O. The Evolution of Rape: A Deadly Weapon of War in a Cyber World. M.Sc. Thesis, Utica College, 2016.

[Info] Chebolu, Lakshmi. »Plight Of Women In War.« Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research 2 (2016): 587-593.

[Info] Cheldelin, Sandra. »Victims of Rape and Gendercide: All Wars.« Women Waging War and Peace: International Perspectives of Women's Roles in Conflict and Post-Conflict Reconstruction. Edited by Sandra I. Cheldelin et al. New York 2011: 12-34.

[Info] Coghlan, Ebba. At war with honour? Feminist perspectives on female honour and the regulation of wartime rape. Bachelor Thesis, Lunds universitet, 2016.

[Info] Cohen, Dara K., et al. Wartime Sexual Violence: Misconceptions, Implications, and Ways Forward. Washington, D.C. 2013.

[Info] Cohen, Dara K., et al. »Sexual violence in armed conflict: Introducing the SVAC dataset, 1989-2009.« Journal of Peace Research 51 (2014): 418-428.

[Info] Cohen, Dara K., et al. »Do States Delegate Shameful Violence to Militias? Patterns of Sexual Violence in Recent Armed Conflicts.« Journal of Conflict Resolution 59 (2015): 877-898.

[Info] Copelon, Rhonda. »Toward Accountability for Violence Against Women in War: Progress and Challenges.« Sexual Violence in Conflict Zones: From the Ancient World to the Era of Human Rights. Edited by Elizabeth D. Heineman. Philadelphia 2011: 232-256.

[Info] Crawford, Kerry F. Wartime Sexual Violence: From Silence to Condemnation of a Weapon of War. Washington, D.C. 2017.

[Info] Danielsson, Sarah K., org. War and Sexual Violence Conference. New York 2015.

[Info] Danielsson, Sarah K., ed. War and Sexual Violence: New Perspectives in a New Era. Paderborn 2019.

[Info] Danielsson, Sarah K. »Introduction: War and Sexual Violence – New Perspectives in a New Era.« War and Sexual Violence: New Perspectives in a New Era. Paderborn 2019: 1-14.

[Info] de Araujo, Beatriz A. »Violência sexual em conflitos armados: História e desfios.« Alabastro 1 (2016): 6-17.

[Info] de Brouwer, Anne-Marie, et al., eds. Sexual Violence as an International Crime: Interdisciplinary Approaches. Cambridge 2013.

[Info] DeLaet, Debra. »Theorizing Justice for Children Born of War.« Born of War: Protecting Children of Sexual Violence Survivors in Conflict Zones. Edited by R. Charli Carpenter. Bloomfield 2007: 128-148.

[Info] Denov, M. »Children born of wartime rape: The intergenerational realities of sexual violence and abuse.« Ethics, Medicine and Public Health 1 (2015): 61-68.

[Info] Doherty, Teresa. »Sexual Violence in Conflict: Can There Be Justice?« World Bank Legal Review 6 (2015): 299-310.

[Info] English, Beth. International Responses to Sexual Violence in Conflict: Where Do Men and Boys Fit In? Princeton 2020.

[Info] Fourçans, Claire. »Les violences sexuelles devant les juridictions pénales internationales.« Les viols en temps de guerre: une histoire à écrire - Rape in Wartime: A History to be Written. Paris 2009.

[Info] Freedman, Jane. »Asylum denied: Refusing international protection to the victims of wartime rape.« Les viols en temps de guerre: une histoire à écrire - Rape in Wartime: A History to be Written. Paris 2009.

[Info] Goodhart, Michael. »Children Born of War and Human Rights: Philosophical ReflectionsBorn of War: Protecting Children of Sexual Violence Survivors in Conflict Zones. Edited by R. Charli Carpenter. Bloomfield 2007: 188-209.

[Info] Haglund, Jillienne, et al. »Enforcement of sexual violence law in post-civil conflict societies.« Conflict Management and Peace Science 35 (2018): 280-295.

[Info] Henry, Nicola. »The Fixation on Wartime Rape: Feminist Critique and International Criminal Law.« Social & Legal Studies 23 (2014): 93-111.

[Info] Hoover Green, Amelia. »The commander’s dilemma: Creating and controlling armed group violence.« Journal of Peace Research 53 (2016): 619-632.

[Info] Hopkins, Patricia. »A Pregnancy of War: Rape Used as a Military Weapon in Nnedi Okorafor’s Who Fears Death51st Annual Convention of the Northeast Modern Language Association. Boston 2020.

[Info] ?nal, Tuba. »'So What?' The Impact of Legalization on Change on the Ground: Pillage and Rape in War.« APSA 2010 Annual Meeting Paper. Edited by Andrea Campbell et al. Washington, D.C. 2010.

[Info] Isikozlu, Elvan, et al. Towards a Typology of Wartime Rape. Bonn 2010.

[Info] Johansson, Karin, et al. »Sexual violence and biased military interventions in civil conflict.« Conflict Management and Peace Science (February 1, 2017).

[Info] Kalcher, Michaela. »Why Rape? Explaining Different Levels of Sexual Violence in Civil War.« Social & Political Review 28 (2018): 77-84.

[Info] Koenig, K. Alexa, et al. »Contextualizing Sexual Violence Committed During the War on Terror: A Historical Overview of International Accountability.« University of San Francisco Law Review 45 (2011): 911-957.

[Info] La Rocca, Simona, ed. Stupri di guerra e violenze di genere. Rome 2015.

[Info] Leatherman, Janie L. Sexual Violence and Armed Conflict. Cambridge 2011.

[Info] Leatherman, Janie L. Violencia sexual y conflictos armados. Barcelona 2014.

[Info] Mack, Andrew, ed. Human Security Report 2012: Sexual Violence, Education, and War: Beyond the Mainstream Narrative. Vancouver 2012.

[Info] Majewski, Kate. »Historical and Military Cultural Context of Military Sexual Trauma.« Treating Military Sexual Trauma. Edited by Lori S. Katz. New York 2016: 25-42.

[Info] McEvoy-Levy, Siobhán. »Human Rights Culture and Children Born of Wartime Rape.« Born of War: Protecting Children of Sexual Violence Survivors in Conflict Zones. Edited by R. Charli Carpenter. Bloomfield 2007: 149- .

[Info] McGinnis, Rachel. »An Analysis of the ICC's Current Gender Neutral Definition and the Possible Implications on Male Survivors of Sexual Violence.« War and Sexual Violence. New York 2016.

[Info] Meger, Sara. Rape Loot Pillage: The Political Economy of Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict. Oxford 2016.

[Info] Mehrl, Marius. »Female Combatants and Wartime Rape: Reconsidering the Role of Women in Armed Conflict.« Armed Forces & Society (December 28, 2020).

[Info] Mertus, Julie. »Key Ethical Inquiries for Future Research.« Born of War: Protecting Children of Sexual Violence Survivors in Conflict Zones. Edited by R. Charli Carpenter. Bloomfield 2007: 180-187.

[Info] Mischkowski, Gabriela. »"Ob es den Frauen selbst irgendetwas bringt, bleibt eine offene Frage". Gabriela Mischkowski, Referentin für Gender Justice bei medica mondiale e.V., im Gespräch über die Probleme und Zwickmühlen der internationalen Strafgerichtsbarkeit.« Krieg und Geschlecht. Sexuelle Gewalt im Krieg und Sex-Zwangsarbeit in NS-Konzentrationslagern. Edited by Insa Eschebach et al. Berlin 2008: 229-247.

[Info] Morris, Kara. "When elephants fight, it is the gras that is crushed": A critical evaluation of the treatment of rape victim-witnesses by the International Criminal Court. M.A. Thesis, University of Ottawa, 2013.

[Info] Mühlhäuser, Regina. »Vergewaltigung und sexuelle Versklavung in der Internationalen Strafgerichtsbarkeit.« Militär und Geschlecht im Wandel. Hamburg 2003.

[Info] Mullins, Christopher W. »Sexual Violence During Armed Conflict.« The Palgrave Handbook of Criminology and War. Edited by Ross McGarry et al. London 2016: 117-131.

[Info] Nagel, Robert U. »Talking to the Shameless? Sexual Violence and Mediation in Intrastate Conflicts.« The Journal of Conflict Resolution (January 23, 2019).

[Info] Oosterhoff, Pauline, et al. Addressing Sexual Violence in and beyond the 'Warzone'. Brighton 2014.

[Info] Phelps, Andrea R. »Gender-Based War Crimes: Incidence and Effectiveness of International Criminal Prosecution.« William & Mary Journal of Women and the Law 12 (2006): 499-520.

[Info] Plessow, Oliver. »Sexualisierte Kriegsgewalt in Geschichtsspielfilmen: Mediale Herausforderungen und Potenziale für historisches Lernen.« Zeitschrift für Geschichtsdidaktik 19 (2020): 30-44.

[Info] Ponzanesi, Sandra, ed. Gender, Globalization, and Violence: Postcolonial Conflict Zones. New York 2014.

[Info] Rial, Carmen. »Guerra de imagens, imagens da guerra.« Cadernos Pagu No. 47 (2016).

[Info] Rial, Carmen. »War of Images, Images of War.« Cadernos Pagu No. 47 (2016).

[Info] Roth, John K., et al., eds. Teaching About Rape in War and Genocide. Basingstoke 2016.

[Info] Saliba, Maurício G. »Feridas da alma: Análise da tipificação do estupro como genocídio à luz de uma criminologia feminista.« Revista da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais No. 73 (2018): 479-504.

[Info] Sánchez Parra, Tatiana. Children Born as a Consequence of Wartime Sexual Violence: Subverting Structures of Discrimination. M.A. Thesis, University of Essex, 2012.

[Info] Sanford, Victoria, et al., eds. Gender Violence in Peace and War: States of Complicity. New Brunswick 2016.

[Info] Sarwari, Mehwish. »Impact of Rebel Group Ideology on Wartime Sexual Violence.« Journal of Global Security Studies (September 12, 2020).

[Info] Sawyer, Katherine. »Sexual Violence Against Men in Civil Conflict.« Political Research Quarterly (March 31, 2024).

[Info] Sjoberg, Laura. Women as Wartime Rapists: Beyond Sensation and Stereotyping. New York 2016.

[Info] Skjelsbæk, Inger. »Responsibility to Protect or Prevent? Victims and Perpetrators of Sexual Violence Crimes in Armed Conflicts.« Responsibility to Protect and Women, Peace and Security: Aligning the Protection Agendas. Edited by Sara E. Davies et al. Leiden 2013: 81- .

[Info] St. Germain, Tonia, et al. Conflict-Related Sexual Violence: International Law, Local Responses. Sterling 2012.

[Info] Vojdik, Valorie K. »Sexual Violence Against Men and Women in War: A Masculinities Approach.« Nevada Law Journal 14 (2014): 923-852.

[Info] Vrdoljak, A.F. »Women, PMSCs and International Law.« Gender and Private Force in Global Politics. Edited by M. Eichler. Oxford 2013.

[Info] Wachala, Kas. »The Tools to Combat the War on Women's Bodies: Rape and Sexual Violence against Women in Armed Conflict.« International Journal of Human Rights 16 (2012): 533-553.

[Info] Weitsman, Patricia. »Children Born of War and the Politics of Identity.« Born of War: Protecting Children of Sexual Violence Survivors in Conflict Zones. Edited by R. Charli Carpenter. Bloomfield 2007: 110-127.

[Info] Wood, Elisabeth J. »Variación de la violencia sexual en tiempos de guerra: la violación en la guerra no es inevitable.« Estudios Socio-Jurídicos 14 (2012): 19-57.

[Info] Zaleski, Kristen, et al. »The History of Sexual Violence in War.« Understanding and Treating Military Sexual Trauma. Edited by Kristen Zaleski. Cham 2015: 3-16.

[Info] Zipfel, Gaby. »„Lass uns ein bisschen Spaß haben“: Zum Verhältnis von Gender, Gewalt und Sexualität in kriegerischen Konflikten.« literaturkritik.de 14 (2012).

[Info] Zipfel, Gaby. »"Vamos lá curtir um bocado": A relação entre identidade sexual, violência e sexualidade em conflitos armados.« Revista crítica de ciências sociais No. 96 (2012): 31-46.

[Info] Zipfel, Gaby. »"Let Us Have a Little Fun": The Relationship between Gender, Violence and Sexuality in Armed Conflict Situations.« RCCS Annual Review No. 5 (2013): 32-45.

[Info] Zipfel, Gaby, et al., eds. In Plain Sight: Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict. New Delhi 2019.


[Site] A f r i c a n   H i s t o r y

[Site] General

[Info] Fourati, Maleke, et al. Sexual violence as a weapon of war. Lisbon 2021.

[Info] Hynd, Stacey. »Forced Marriage and Sexual Slavery among Girl Soldiers in African Conflicts, c. 1980-2010.« 10th European Social Scinece History Conference. 2014.

[Info] Laband, John. »Introduction: African Civilians in Wartime.« Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Africa: From Slavery Days to Rwandan Genocide. Edited by John Laband. Westport 2007: 1-16.

[Info] Nordås, Ragnild, et al. Sexual Violence in African Conflicts, 1989-2009: What the Data Show. Oslo 2012.

[Info] Puechguirbal, Nadine. »Breaking the Silence: New Approaches to the Consequences of Rape in Some African Conflicts, 1994-2008.« Rape in Wartime. Edited by Raphaëlle Branche et al. Basingstoke 2012: 140- .


[Site] Algerian History

Wars: Algerian Civil War (1991-2002)


[Site] Burundian History

Wars: Burundian Civil War (1993-2005)


[Site] Congolese History

Wars: Ituri Conflict, Second Congo War (1998-2003)

[Info] Bartels, Susan, et al. »Militarized Sexual Violence in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo.« Journal of Interpersonal Violence 28 (2013): 340-358.

[Info] Sahin, Bilge. Sexual Violence Crimes and Gendered Power Relations: Bringing Justice to Women in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. London 2021.

[Info] Tunamsifu, Shirambere P. »The right of justice: A challenge for survivors of conflict-related sexual violence in the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.« African Human Rights Law Journal 15 (2015): 473-495.

[Info] Tunamsifu, Shirambere P. »The right to justice: A challenge for survivors of conflict-related sexual violence in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.« 24th World Congress of Political Science. Pozna? 2016.


[Site] Ethiopian History

Wars: Tigray War (2020-2022)


[Site] Ivorian History

Wars: First Ivorian Civil War (2002-2007)


[Site] Kenyan History

Wars: Mount Elgon Insurgency (2005-2008)


[Site] Liberian History

Wars: Second Liberian Civil War (1999-2003)


[Site] Libyan History

Wars: Libyan Civil War (2011)


[Site] Malian History

Wars: Northern Mali Conflict (2012-present)


[Site] Nigerian History

Wars: Boko Haram Insurgency (2009-present)


[Site] Sierra Leonean History

Wars: Sierra Leone Civil War (1991-2002)


[Site] Somali History

Wars: Somali Civil War (1986-present)


[Site] Sudanese History

Wars: Second Sudanese Civil War (1983-2005), War in Darfur (2003-present), South Sudanese Civil War (2013-present)


[Site] Ugandan History

Wars: Lord's Resistance Army Insurgency (1987-present)


[Site] A m e r i c a n   H i s t o r y

[Site] Colombian History

Wars: Colombian Conflict (1964-present)


[Site] Mexican History


[Site] Peruvian History

Wars: Internal Conflict in Peru (1980-present)


[Site] U.S. History

Wars: War in Afghanistan (2001-2014), "War on Terror" (2001-present), Iraq War (2003-2011)

[Info] Hillius, William J. Assuming Rape: The Reproduction of Fear in American Military Female POWs. M.A. Thesis, University of Washington, 2012.


[Site] A s i a n   H i s t o r y

[Site] Afghan History

Wars: War in Afghanistan (2001-2014)


[Site] Burmese History

Wars: Internal Conflict in Myanmar (1948-present)


[Site] Indian History

Wars: Kashmir Conflict (1947-present), Insurgency in Northeast India (1963-present)


[Site] Iraqi History

Wars: Iraq War (2003-2011)


[Site] Israeli History


[Site] Nepalese History

Wars: Nepalese Civil War (1996-2006)


[Site] Palestinian History


[Site] Sri Lancan History

Wars: Sri Lankan Civil War (1983-2009)


[Site] Syrian History

Wars: Syrian Civil War (2011-present)


[Site] E u r o p e a n   H i s t o r y


[Site] Russian History

Wars: Second Chechen War (1999-2009), Russo-Ukrainian War (2014-present)


[Site] Ukrainian History

Wars: Russo-Ukrainian War (2014-present)


[Site] O c e a n i a n   H i s t o r y

[Site] Solomon History

Wars: Solomon Islands Conflict (1998-2003)